REDUPLICATION IN SUNDANESE LANGUAGE

Linguistically speaking, Sundanese has a wide range of reduplicated words and as well delivers different meaning in a different words form wherever it be added by suffixes, infixes, or prefixes. This research try to presents and classify kinds of reduplication in Sundanese, in which stage they belong and how they can be different or not semantically and morphologically, and how they can presumably be similiar or different from one another. The data collection will involve correspondence to be asked about some word that can be reduplicated, using semantics and morphology as the approach to see the occurrence. Based on the data that has been investigated and classified, Sundanese reduplication can be applicable to all semantics properties. Thus, if Augmentation can be expressed by Sudanese reduplication, so does Diminution. On the other hand, if intensification can also be expressed by means of reduplication in Sudanese, so attenuation can also be expressed by Sudanese reduplication. Also if Sudanese root word is bound by affixation whether it be in prefix, infix, or suffix, its lexical and grammatical meaning can changed.


Background of the Study
Language in general is universal, dynamic and arbitrary.It is as well systematic and well arranged.In the area of morphology, especially in its morphological process, language can be classified into several different processes and " it is alters stem to derive new words.They may change the words meaning (derivation) or its grammatical functions (inflection).There are several different type of processes, not all of which are present in all languages.Some of these are concatenative meaning that they involve linear combination of morphemes (affication, for example), while others are non-concatenative, involving the internal alternation of morphemes."(Morphological process, 2001).These processes include, compounding (the combination of to stems to form a new word like housekeeping and horseshoe), affixation (the most common morphological processes in which involves the attachment of morphemes to a single stem.This process also includes infixation, prefixation, suffixation, circumfixation, modification and reduplication, suppletion and infliction. As a part of Austronesian family, Sundanese language is the language of about 39 million people from the western third of java or about 15% of Indonesian population, (Sundanese language, 2014) which makes it as the fourth language with the most speaker in the Official Austronesian Languages, after Javanese with 76 million, filipino/tagalog (47 million native, 90 million in total) and Malay/Indonesian (45 million native, 250 million in total).(list of Austronesian Languages, 2013).In addition, Austronesian family cover throughout the islands of Southeast Asia, Madagascar and the Pacific, with a few members of continental Asia, that are spoken by about 368 million people.It is on far with Indo-European, Niger-Congo, Afroasiatic and Uralic as one of the best-established ancient language families (Austronesian Language, 2014).
There have been numbers of research and studies on Sundanese Language that focus on different areas such as on language vitality: A case on Sundanese Language As a Surviving Indigenous Language (Indrayani, 2011), and Sundanese Verb in Mental Process: A Systemic Functional Linguistic Approach (Sujatna, 2012), both are still in the area of linguistics.leels known as undak usuk basa basa sunda (levels of sundanese language), which usually can be applied in both written and spoken form.According to (Masawahy, 2013) in his article tingkatan undak usuk basa sunda, he stated that there are three main levels in Sundanese Language Kasar (rude), Sedeng (medium), Lemes (polite).For each level contains two stages.So, in all, Sundanese have 6 different levels, they are, (1) basa kasar pisan (extremely rude language), (2) basa lomo (rude language), (3) basa sedeng (medium language), (4) basa panengah (medium polite language), (5) basa lemes (polite language), (6) basa luhur (extremely polite language).

Aims of the Study
This research is focusing on one of morphological process, that is, reduplication.When it comes to the definition, (Miyake, 2011) offers that reduplication is a repetition of a word or phonological material within a word for semantic and grammatical purposes.
There have been several studies related to reduplication, like Phan Liyen Yen Phi with

Clarification of Related Terms
Morphology can be described as the study of word form in human language, and it can also refer to the mental system involved in word formation or to the branch of linguistics that deal with words, the internal structure, and how they are formed.(Fudeman, 2011).
Semantics can be defined as the study of meaning of linguistics expressions.Oxford Dictionary of English defines it as the branch of linguistic and logic concern with meaning.The two main areas are logical semantics concerned with matter such as, sense and reference and presupposition and implication and lexical semantics, concerned with the analysis of word meaning and the relation between them.
Reduplication is defined as "a pattern on double or multiple occurrence of a sound string, syllable, morpheme, or word within a larger syntagmatic unit is a systematic contrast with its single occurrence, with the iterated element filling functionally non-distinct position (Moravcsik, 1992: 3323).

Morphology
Morphology is the study of word formation, of the structure of words (Packer, 2001).Moreover, the stud governs all human language that exists in the world.Basic observation on the study are as follow: 239 Some words can be divided into parts and still have meaning, these meaningful parts are called the morphemes which also can be defined as the smallest part of a word unit that can no longer be further divided e.g. the word smartest can be divided into smart+est.these can be considered as the basic units in language meaning.1. Words that have meaning by themselves and also cannot be further divided are called lexical morphemes, such as, chair, clock, lawn.These morphemes that can stand-alone are also called free morphemes.Free morphemes also include grammatical morphemes, which specify other relationship between morphemes; word like in, on and at are instances of grammatical morphemes.
2. The morphemes that only occur in combination and cannot stand-alone are called bound morphemes.Bound morpheme can also be both lexical and grammatical.
Lexical bound morpheme can only occur in combination; as in include, exclude, preclude.Grammatical bound morpheme also can be occurred only in combination because they are parts of the words, such as in plural form of chairs, books and cats.
3. Affixes can be defined as morpheme that do not have a meaning by themselves.
Affixes can be further divided into inflectional affixes and derivational affixes.

Semantics
In Oxford Dictionary of English, semantic can be defined as the branch of linguistics and logic concern with meaning.The two main areas are logical semantics, concerned with matters such as, sense and reference and presupposition and implication and lexical semantics, concerned with the analysis of word meaning and the relation between them.There are four semantic properties offered by (Kajitani, 2005), they are: Augmentation (increase of quantity), diminution (decrease of quantity), Attenuation (decrease of degree), and Intensification (increase of degree).

Research Method Data Collection
In the current study, reference grammars and native informants were used as a source of the data.Reference grammar were selected based on descriptions of a great range of reuplcative phenomena and glosses for both non-reduplicated base expressions and reduplicated expressions.The first criterion was necessary because a book, pluralization expressed by reduplication in language X, for instance, would lead one to wrongly conclude that no other meaning is expressed by reduplication in the language.
The second criterion was also important because if the meaning of a base expression were not clear, it would not be possible to identify what the process of reduplication expresses.
In order to identify the presence or absence of a particular meaning, the definitions of Augmetation, Diminution, Intensification and Attenuation have been adopted as given by Moravcsik (1978).According to Moravcsik, Augmentation can be defined as either increase of quantity of participants of an event or that of events themselves.
his comparison on Reduplication in English and Vietnamese(Phi, 2011), Reduplication in Javanese(Miyaki, 2011).Moreover, in their research entitled Sistem perulangan Bahasa Tamiang (Reduplication System in Tamiang Language, 1990), Husni Yusuf, A.Murad Em Ajies, and Zainuddin Yahya categorize three different types of reduplication, namely (1) dwipurwa, or partial reduplication, (2) dwilingga or full reduplication, (3) dwilingga salin suara, or reduplication with phoneme shift.Since Sundanese has a very wide range of reduplication, this research is focusing only on the first two types of reduplication and as well to look at the detailed semantics reduplication in sundanese language.

4 .
Inflectional affixes can be understood as a change in the form of a word to express a grammatical function such as tense, mood, person, number, case and gender.For example, as (Packer, 2001) stated: English has only eight inflectional affixes: (PLU) = plural noun -s as in the word boys (POS) = possessive noun -'s as in the word boy's (COMP) = comparative adj -er as in the word older (SUP) = superlative adj -est as in the word oldest (PRES) = present Verb -s as in the word walks (PAST) = Past Verb -ed as in the word walked (PAST PART) = Past Participle Verb -en as in the word driven (PRES PART) = Present Participle Verb -ing as in the word driving Furthermore, these basic observations in morphology become the foundation of theory in this paper.